KEY DEFINITIONS
PRECISE MEANINGS FOR MORAL REASONING
This is the first and most fundamental fact: There is something rather than nothing.
EXISTENCE is that something.
It is the starting point. Everything begins here.
...simply is everything in
Existence.
The totality of everything.
REALITY is
Existence
as it actually is. It is fixed, even when
our interpretation of it is not.
You can misunderstand REALITY, but your misunderstanding doesn't change it.
What things are made of and the arrangement of their components:
Within
Reality
there are things. Things have physical qualities.
These physical qualities of a thing, put together, are its STRUCTURE.
A bird has wings, feathers, a beak, and hollow bones, arranged in a specific
way. A fish has fins, gills, scales and adaptations for life underwater.
STRUCTURE determines what things can or cannot do or become.
The full potential of what a thing can do or become because of its
Structure.
Because birds have wings, feathers, and hollow bones arranged in
a specific way, they possess the CAPACITY to fly.
A thing's CAPACITY comes directly from what that thing is.
The end of what is possible for a thing to do or be, because of its
Structure:
Because it has lungs and feathers instead of gills, a bird cannot breathe underwater.
LIMITS are not failures; they're simply a part of what things are.
When a thing takes its
Structure
and puts its
Capacities
to use
within its
Limits,
it is in FUNCTION:
A bird has the
Capacity
to fly, but when it actually flies, that
Capacity
FUNCTIONS. It has the
Capacity
to build nests, when it actually builds
one, that
Capacity
FUNCTIONS. It is doing what its
Structure
allows it to do.
To FUNCTION is to do what a thing can do because of what it is.
Everything that
Exists
has unique characteristics that make it what it is:
A tree has a particular
Structure,
Capacities,
Limits,
and
Functions.
A bird has a particular
Structure,
Capacities,
Limits,
and
Functions.
These unique characteristics distinguish one kind of thing from another.
Together they are a thing's NATURE.
NATURE is the built-in qualities that make a thing the kind of thing it is.
When all of a thing's
Capacities
Functions
properly according to
its
Nature,
it FLOURISHES.
A tree doesn't merely "feel happy" when it gets enough sunlight, water, and
nutrients. Its
Capacities
are
Functioning
properly, allowing it to grow and
develop according to its
Nature.
It matches its biological blueprint perfectly
and prospers. It's
Functioning
as well as its
Structure,
Capacities,
and
Limits,
allow it to.
FLOURISHING is the optimal
Functioning
of a thing's
Capacities
as
they
Naturally
should.
...is when any of a thing's
Capacities
are prevented from proper
Functioning.
HARM isn't just a scraped knee. It is an obstruction of a thing's
Nature.
if a bird has a broken wing, its
Structure
is damaged. Because its
Structure
is damaged, it loses its
Capacity
to fly, and cannot
Function
properly.
It is now experiencing HARM.
HARM is the obstruction or prevention of
Flourishing.
What cannot be prevented, abandoned, or escaped within the
Existing
causes and conditions.
Every event that happens in
Reality
happens under particular causes and specific
conditions. When the relevant causes and conditions
Exist
and those causes and
conditions remain unchanged, the event can no longer be PREVENTED. What
follows becomes UNAVOIDABLE.
Once the sequence is set, the consequences is UNAVOIDABLE.
When
HARM
is the
UNAVOIDABLE
consequence of particular
causes and conditions.
Harm
happens everywhere. A storm destroys a forest, a wolf eats a deer,
or a disease slows down a dog. Such events follow the ordinary causes and
conditions in
Reality.
They are not
Preventable
and are therefore
Unavoidable.
Sometimes
HARM
is the
UNAVOIDABLE
consequence of
Reality.
The
Capacity
to perceive
Reality.
When we look at a tree, the tree itself does not enter our minds.
Our senses receive information about the tree, and we become
AWARE of it. AWARENESS is the intake of information about things.
It is the entry point to all Moral relevance because, without
AWARENESS, there can be no meaningful participation in
Reality.
The
Capacity
to understand the relationships and possibilities within
Reality.
Once a being is
Aware
of
Reality,
it must be able to make sense of it.
REASON allows us to identify relationships, recognize patterns, draw
conclusions, and understand different options and their consequences.
Truth itself is observable through REASON.
The
Capacity
to direct and commit oneself toward a chosen end.
Volition
is the
Capacity
to choose between options. WILL keeps you moving
toward it. It is the power of the mind to direct oneself toward a chosen
purpose and remain committed until that purpose is achieved or abandoned.
A single choice can be made in a moment, but WILL is what maintains that
choice over time.
The
Capacity
to exercise
Will
without external force or coercion.
FREE WILL
is the exercise of
Will
according to one's own
Reason
and choice,
free from external force; when a decision originates from and truly is that
of the being itself.
It is the power to direct oneself from within rather than by another.
A being with the
Capacities
required to exercise
Free Will
through
Action.
A FREE AGENT has
Awareness,
Reason,
Volition,
Will,
and
Agency.
It can
perceive and understand
Reality,
make its own decisions, commit to a course
of
Action,
and bring those decisions into the real world through
Agency,
free
from external force or coercion.
A FREE AGENT is a being with the
Capacities
to freely direct itself within
Objective Reality.
...is the relationship between a
Free Agent
and their own
Action.
Because a
Free Agent's
Actions
originate from the
Agent's
own
Reason,
Volition,
and
Will,
those
Actions
are inseparable from the
Agent
themself. This relationship
means that a
Free Agent
is the source of their
Actions,
and that those
Actions
are their own rather than another's. Without RESPONSIBILITY,
Actions
cannot be
attributed to the one who performed them.
RESPONSIBILITY establishes the connection between
Actor
and the
Action.
To be answerable for one's own
Actions
and their consequences.
Once an
Action
has been established as originating from a
Free Agent,
that
Agent
becomes answerable for both the
Action
and its consequences.
ACCOUNTABILITY is the requirement that the
Agent
provide their
Reasons
for those
Actions
when questioned.
ACCOUNTABILITY is what makes a
Free Agent's
Actions
open to questioning.
The integrated
Capacity
of a
Free Agent
to
Reason,
Choose,
Act,
be
Responsible,
and
be
Accountable
for their own
Actions
that can be evaluated as right or wrong.
A
Free Agent
has
Awareness
to perceive
Reality,
Reason
to understand it,
Volition
to choose between alternatives,
Will
to commit to those choices,
Free Will
to direct
them freely,
Agency
to bring them into
Action,
Responsibility
for those
Actions,
and
Accountability
to explain the
Reasons
behind them. Together, these
Capacities
make
a
Free Agent
capable of
Actions
that can be evaluated as right or wrong.
MORAL AGENCY is what makes right and wrong applicable to that kind of being.
...is the standard by which the
Actions
of a
Moral Agent
are evaluated as right or wrong.
Because the
Actions
of a
Moral Agent
can be right or wrong, a standard is required to
distinguish between them. MORALITY is that standard. Without it, there is no foundation
for determining which
Actions
are right or wrong.
MORALITY is what distinguishes right from wrong.
It is the standard arising from the
Nature
of
Reality
and of
Moral Agents
that evaluates
Actions
by whether their consequences promote
Flourishing
or produce
Harm.
Moral Agents
exist within the same
Objective Reality
and share the same
fundamental
Nature.
Their
Actions
produce
Unavoidable
consequences. Because
those consequences promote
Flourishing
or produce
Harm
objectively, they
provide the measure for evaluating
Actions.
Since this standard arises from
Objective Reality
and the shared
Nature
of
Moral Agents,
it applies equally to all.
OBJECTIVE MORALITY is what makes the same
Actions
right or wrong for everyone.
To demonstrate why something is
Unavoidable
When an event is questioned, it must be supported by
Reasons
showing why
it is
Unavoidable.
A JUSTIFICATION explains why the particular causes and
conditions of a specific event or outcome remained unchanged, demonstrating
why what follows is
Unavoidable.
JUSTIFICATION shows why what is happening, cannot be prevented.
Demonstrating why the
Harm
caused by a
Harmful
Action
is
Unavoidable
to
preserve or promote
Flourishing.
To
MORALLY
JUSTIFY
a
Harmful
Action
is to demonstrate why the
Harm
it
causes is
Unavoidable
for the preservation or promotion of
Flourishing.
That
Harmful
Action
is
MORALLY
JUSTIFIED
only when that
Harm
cannot be
Prevented
by any other Action.
When
Harm
is
Unavoidable,
only the least
Harmful
Action
is
MORALLY
JUSTIFIED.
When something goes against something else and doing so is
Preventable.
When an event is questioned and
Reasons
showing why it is
Unavoidable
doesn't
Exist,
it cannot be
Justified.
If that event goes against something
else, and doing so is
Preventable,
that
Obstruction
is a VIOLATION.
A VIOLATION is
Preventable
Obstruction.
When a
Harmful
Action
can be
Prevented
by a less
Harmful
Action
while
preserving or promoting the same
Flourishing.
When a
Moral Agent
chooses a
Harmful
Action
while a less
Harmful
Action
can achieve the same
Flourishing,
the
Harm
was
Preventable.
That
Action
therefore cannot be
Morally Justified
and
VIOLATES
OBJECTIVE MORALITY.
A
MORAL
VIOLATION
is
Preventable
Harm
Acted
on anyway.
What an
Agent
is required to do or refrain from doing to preserve or
promote
Flourishing
and prevent
Harm.
When
Harm
is
Unavoidable
in preserving or promoting
Flourishing
the
Agent
is required to choose the least
Harmful
Action
and refrain from the
greater
Harm.
Because a
Moral Agent
is
Responsible
for their own
Actions
and their consequences, they are
Responsible
for fulfilling these requirements.
Because they are
Moral Agents,
this is their MORAL DUTY.
...are the equal fundamental claims held by all
Moral Agents
against the
Preventable Harmful
Actions
of other
Moral Agents.
Because a
Preventable Harmful
Action
is a
Violation
of
Objective Morality,
and
Objective Morality,
applies equally to all
Moral Agents,
each
Agent
has the same
fundamental claim against it, just as every
Agent
has the matching
Moral Duty
not to
Violate
this claim of others. That claim against
Preventable Harm
caused
by another
Moral Agent's
Actions,
is their RIGHT.
RIGHTS protect every
Moral Agent's
Capacity
to
Flourish
against
Preventable Harm
Being in proper alignment with
Objective Morality.
Alignment with
Objective Morality
happens when
Moral Duties
are fulfilled and no
Rights
are
Violated.
This alignment preserves
or promotes
Flourishing
properly, and is therefore RIGHTFUL.
RIGHTFUL is that which is properly situated within
Objective Morality.
To be properly connected to something.
Something BELONGS with something else when its
Structure,
Function,
and
Nature
fully fit that of the other. Things can be merely connected
without BELONGING. When they are properly connected, they BELONG.
Things BELONG when the connection between them is proper.
When
Belonging
is established in alignment with
Objective Morality.
A
Belonging
becomes
Rightful
when it is consistent with the
Rights
and
Duties
of
Moral Agents
as established by
Objective Morality.
When something is
properly connected to a
Moral Agent,
and that connection is maintained
without
Violating
Rights
or breaching
Moral Duties,
that
Belonging
is
Rightful.
RIGHTFUL
BELONGING
is
Belonging
that remains
Morally Justified.
That which
Rightfully Belongs
to someone as their own.
When something is properly connected to a
Moral Agent,
and that connection is
maintained within
Objective Morality,
that thing
Rightfully Belongs
to that
Agent
as
their own. This particular thing in a
Rightful
relationship with an individual
Moral
Agent,
is the
Agent's
PROPERTY.
PROPERTY is what a
Moral Agent
can
Rightfully
claim to be their own.
Having the exclusive
Right
to decide what happens to
Property.
When a
Moral Agent
claims a
Rightful Belonging
as their own, that thing
becomes theirs in a particular way that no other can
Rightfully
claim in the
same way. The
Right
to decide what happens to it therefore
Rightfully Belongs
to that
Agent
alone. This exclusive relationship between the
Moral Agent
and
their
Rightful
Property,
is OWNERSHIP.
The decision over what happens to what is
Rightfully
yours, is
Rightfully
yours alone.
Each
Moral Agent
is the one with the
Capacities
of
Awareness,
Reason,
Volition,
and
Will,
used to freely direct themself within an
Objective Reality,
and each
Agent
is
therefore
Responsible
and
Accountable
for the things they do and their consequences.
Because these
Capacities
and the
Agent's
Actions
originate from within the
Agent
itself, they are
Rightfully
theirs. This relationship between the
Moral Agent
and itself
establishes a
Rightful Belonging
to itself that no other can
Rightfully
claim.
Therefore, each
Moral Agent
OWNS THEMSELF.
Since every
Moral Agent
OWNS THEMSELF, they each have the exclusive
Right
over
themself. No
Moral Agent
has that
Right
over another.