KEY DEFINITIONS

PRECISE MEANINGS FOR MORAL REASONING

Key Def
Existence

This is the first and most fundamental fact: There is something rather than nothing.

EXISTENCE is that something.

It is the starting point. Everything begins here.

Reality

...simply is everything in Existence. The totality of everything.

REALITY is Existence as it actually is. It is fixed, even when
our interpretation of it is not.

You can misunderstand REALITY, but your misunderstanding doesn't change it.

Structure

What things are made of and the arrangement of their components:

Within Reality there are things. Things have physical qualities.
These physical qualities of a thing, put together, are its STRUCTURE.
A bird has wings, feathers, a beak, and hollow bones, arranged in a specific
way. A fish has fins, gills, scales and adaptations for life underwater.

STRUCTURE determines what things can or cannot do or become.

Capacity

The full potential of what a thing can do or become because of its Structure.

Because birds have wings, feathers, and hollow bones arranged in
a specific way, they possess the CAPACITY to fly.

A thing's CAPACITY comes directly from what that thing is.

Limit

The end of what is possible for a thing to do or be, because of its Structure:

Because it has lungs and feathers instead of gills, a bird cannot breathe underwater.

LIMITS are not failures; they're simply a part of what things are.

Function

When a thing takes its Structure and puts its Capacities to use
within its Limits, it is in FUNCTION:

A bird has the Capacity to fly, but when it actually flies, that Capacity
FUNCTIONS. It has the Capacity to build nests, when it actually builds
one, that Capacity FUNCTIONS. It is doing what its Structure allows it to do.

To FUNCTION is to do what a thing can do because of what it is.

Nature

Everything that Exists has unique characteristics that make it what it is:

A tree has a particular Structure, Capacities, Limits, and Functions.
A bird has a particular Structure, Capacities, Limits, and Functions.
These unique characteristics distinguish one kind of thing from another.

Together they are a thing's NATURE.

NATURE is the built-in qualities that make a thing the kind of thing it is.

Flourish

When all of a thing's Capacities Functions properly according to
its Nature, it FLOURISHES.

A tree doesn't merely "feel happy" when it gets enough sunlight, water, and
nutrients. Its Capacities are Functioning properly, allowing it to grow and
develop according to its Nature. It matches its biological blueprint perfectly
and prospers. It's Functioning as well as its Structure, Capacities, and Limits,
allow it to.

FLOURISHING is the optimal Functioning of a thing's Capacities as
they Naturally should.

Harm

...is when any of a thing's Capacities are prevented from proper Functioning.

HARM isn't just a scraped knee. It is an obstruction of a thing's Nature.
if a bird has a broken wing, its Structure is damaged. Because its Structure
is damaged, it loses its Capacity to fly, and cannot Function properly.
It is now experiencing HARM.

HARM is the obstruction or prevention of Flourishing.

Unavoidable

What cannot be prevented, abandoned, or escaped within the Existing
causes and conditions.

Every event that happens in Reality happens under particular causes and specific
conditions. When the relevant causes and conditions Exist and those causes and
conditions remain unchanged, the event can no longer be PREVENTED. What
follows becomes UNAVOIDABLE.

Once the sequence is set, the consequences is UNAVOIDABLE.

Unavoidable Harm

When HARM is the UNAVOIDABLE consequence of particular
causes and conditions.

Harm happens everywhere. A storm destroys a forest, a wolf eats a deer,
or a disease slows down a dog. Such events follow the ordinary causes and
conditions in Reality. They are not Preventable and are therefore Unavoidable.

Sometimes HARM is the UNAVOIDABLE consequence of Reality.

Awareness

The Capacity to perceive Reality.

When we look at a tree, the tree itself does not enter our minds.
Our senses receive information about the tree, and we become
AWARE of it. AWARENESS is the intake of information about things.

It is the entry point to all Moral relevance because, without
AWARENESS, there can be no meaningful participation in Reality.

Reason

The Capacity to understand the relationships and possibilities within Reality.

Once a being is Aware of Reality, it must be able to make sense of it.
REASON allows us to identify relationships, recognize patterns, draw
conclusions, and understand different options and their consequences.

Truth itself is observable through REASON.

Volition

...is the Capacity to choose between available options.

Unlike things driven purely by instinct, humans can use Reason to evaluate
alternative options. VOLITION is the ability to choose between those options.

It is what turns understanding into decision.

Will

The Capacity to direct and commit oneself toward a chosen end.

Volition is the Capacity to choose between options. WILL keeps you moving
toward it. It is the power of the mind to direct oneself toward a chosen
purpose and remain committed until that purpose is achieved or abandoned.

A single choice can be made in a moment, but WILL is what maintains that
choice over time.

Free Will

The Capacity to exercise Will without external force or coercion.

FREE WILL is the exercise of Will according to one's own Reason and choice,
free from external force; when a decision originates from and truly is that
of the being itself.

It is the power to direct oneself from within rather than by another.

Agency

The Capacity to translate internal decisions into external ACTION.

AGENCY is the expression of Reason, Volition, and Will in the real world.

Without AGENCY, decisions remain internal and never affect Reality.

Free Agent

A being with the Capacities required to exercise Free Will through Action.

A FREE AGENT has Awareness, Reason, Volition, Will, and Agency. It can
perceive and understand Reality, make its own decisions, commit to a course
of Action, and bring those decisions into the real world through Agency, free
from external force or coercion.

A FREE AGENT is a being with the Capacities to freely direct itself within
Objective Reality.

Responsibility

...is the relationship between a Free Agent and their own Action.

Because a Free Agent's Actions originate from the Agent's own Reason, Volition,
and Will, those Actions are inseparable from the Agent themself. This relationship
means that a Free Agent is the source of their Actions, and that those Actions
are their own rather than another's. Without RESPONSIBILITY, Actions cannot be
attributed to the one who performed them.

RESPONSIBILITY establishes the connection between Actor and the Action.

Accountability

To be answerable for one's own Actions and their consequences.

Once an Action has been established as originating from a Free Agent,
that Agent becomes answerable for both the Action and its consequences.
ACCOUNTABILITY is the requirement that the Agent provide their Reasons
for those Actions when questioned.

ACCOUNTABILITY is what makes a Free Agent's Actions open to questioning.

Moral Agent

The integrated Capacity of a Free Agent to Reason, Choose, Act, be Responsible, and
be Accountable for their own Actions that can be evaluated as right or wrong.

A Free Agent has Awareness to perceive Reality, Reason to understand it, Volition
to choose between alternatives, Will to commit to those choices, Free Will to direct
them freely, Agency to bring them into Action, Responsibility for those Actions, and
Accountability to explain the Reasons behind them. Together, these Capacities make
a Free Agent capable of Actions that can be evaluated as right or wrong.

MORAL AGENCY is what makes right and wrong applicable to that kind of being.

Morality

...is the standard by which the Actions of a Moral Agent are evaluated as right or wrong.

Because the Actions of a Moral Agent can be right or wrong, a standard is required to
distinguish between them. MORALITY is that standard. Without it, there is no foundation
for determining which Actions are right or wrong.

MORALITY is what distinguishes right from wrong.

Objective Morality

It is the standard arising from the Nature of Reality and of Moral Agents that evaluates
Actions by whether their consequences promote Flourishing or produce Harm.

Moral Agents exist within the same Objective Reality and share the same
fundamental Nature. Their Actions produce Unavoidable consequences. Because
those consequences promote Flourishing or produce Harm objectively, they
provide the measure for evaluating Actions. Since this standard arises from
Objective Reality and the shared Nature of Moral Agents, it applies equally to all.

OBJECTIVE MORALITY is what makes the same Actions right or wrong for everyone.

Justify

To demonstrate why something is Unavoidable

When an event is questioned, it must be supported by Reasons showing why
it is Unavoidable. A JUSTIFICATION explains why the particular causes and
conditions of a specific event or outcome remained unchanged, demonstrating
why what follows is Unavoidable.

JUSTIFICATION shows why what is happening, cannot be prevented.

Moral Justification

Demonstrating why the Harm caused by a Harmful Action is Unavoidable to
preserve or promote Flourishing.

To MORALLY JUSTIFY a Harmful Action is to demonstrate why the Harm it
causes is Unavoidable for the preservation or promotion of Flourishing. That
Harmful Action is MORALLY JUSTIFIED only when that Harm cannot be
Prevented by any other Action.

When Harm is Unavoidable, only the least Harmful Action is MORALLY JUSTIFIED.

Violation

When something goes against something else and doing so is Preventable.

When an event is questioned and Reasons showing why it is Unavoidable
doesn't Exist, it cannot be Justified. If that event goes against something
else, and doing so is Preventable, that Obstruction is a VIOLATION.

A VIOLATION is Preventable Obstruction.

Duty

What an Agent is required to do or refrain from doing.

A questioned Action may be Justified or a Violation. What is then required
specifies what must be done or refrained from doing. These requirements
that naturally follow is the Agent's DUTY.

DUTY makes Action or restraint no longer optional.

Moral Duty

What an Agent is required to do or refrain from doing to preserve or
promote Flourishing and prevent Harm.

When Harm is Unavoidable in preserving or promoting Flourishing the
Agent is required to choose the least Harmful Action and refrain from the
greater Harm. Because a Moral Agent is Responsible for their own Actions
and their consequences, they are Responsible for fulfilling these requirements.

Because they are Moral Agents, this is their MORAL DUTY.

Rights

...are the equal fundamental claims held by all Moral Agents against the
Preventable Harmful Actions of other Moral Agents.

Because a Preventable Harmful Action is a Violation of Objective Morality, and
Objective Morality, applies equally to all Moral Agents, each Agent has the same
fundamental claim against it, just as every Agent has the matching Moral Duty
not to Violate this claim of others. That claim against Preventable Harm caused
by another Moral Agent's Actions, is their RIGHT.

RIGHTS protect every Moral Agent's Capacity to Flourish against Preventable Harm

Rightful

Being in proper alignment with Objective Morality.

Alignment with Objective Morality happens when Moral Duties
are fulfilled and no Rights are Violated. This alignment preserves
or promotes Flourishing properly, and is therefore RIGHTFUL.

RIGHTFUL is that which is properly situated within Objective Morality.

Belong

To be properly connected to something.

Something BELONGS with something else when its Structure, Function,
and Nature fully fit that of the other. Things can be merely connected
without BELONGING. When they are properly connected, they BELONG.

Things BELONG when the connection between them is proper.

Rightful Belonging

When Belonging is established in alignment with Objective Morality.

A Belonging becomes Rightful when it is consistent with the Rights and Duties
of Moral Agents as established by Objective Morality. When something is
properly connected to a Moral Agent, and that connection is maintained
without Violating Rights or breaching Moral Duties, that Belonging is Rightful.

RIGHTFUL BELONGING is Belonging that remains Morally Justified.

Property

That which Rightfully Belongs to someone as their own.

When something is properly connected to a Moral Agent, and that connection is
maintained within Objective Morality, that thing Rightfully Belongs to that Agent as
their own. This particular thing in a Rightful relationship with an individual Moral
Agent, is the Agent's PROPERTY.

PROPERTY is what a Moral Agent can Rightfully claim to be their own.

Ownership

Having the exclusive Right to decide what happens to Property.

When a Moral Agent claims a Rightful Belonging as their own, that thing
becomes theirs in a particular way that no other can Rightfully claim in the
same way. The Right to decide what happens to it therefore Rightfully Belongs
to that Agent alone. This exclusive relationship between the Moral Agent and
their Rightful Property, is OWNERSHIP.

The decision over what happens to what is Rightfully yours, is Rightfully yours alone.

Self Ownership

Each Moral Agent is the one with the Capacities of Awareness, Reason, Volition, and
Will, used to freely direct themself within an Objective Reality, and each Agent is
therefore Responsible and Accountable for the things they do and their consequences.
Because these Capacities and the Agent's Actions originate from within the Agent
itself, they are Rightfully theirs. This relationship between the Moral Agent and itself
establishes a Rightful Belonging to itself that no other can Rightfully claim.
Therefore, each Moral Agent OWNS THEMSELF.

Since every Moral Agent OWNS THEMSELF, they each have the exclusive Right over
themself. No Moral Agent has that Right over another.

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